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Production History Analysis for Reservoir Characterization | |||||||||||||
Compilation of
Completion and Workover Information Production Time-Series
Graphing and Mapping Next, fluid-flow trends within the reservoir are established from a set of production-performance maps that illustrate initial potential, cumulative and current production, gas:oil ratio (GOR), fluid levels, water cut, and pressure depletion on a per-well basis. Analysis of these maps captures the historical changes in fluid production throughout the reservoir and highlights important trends in fluid flow. Areas of best production (sweet spots), as well as areas showing impedance to fluid flow, are readily identifiable. Water-cut and pressure maps record the pattern of water migration as reservoir pressures decrease and can highlight preferential pathways of fluid migration. These patterns will most likely indicate fairways of high transmissivity and, thus, reservoir communication. Anomalies in these maps can indicate barriers to fluid flow, which may also indicate reservoir compartmentalization. Four-dimensional seismic is a newly emerging technology in production time-series analysis. It involves the recording of 3-D seismic at two different times in the production life of the reservoir and comparing the differences. Any difference in seismic attributes observed occurs from a change in fluid saturation and thus indicates fluid flow. For example, the encroachment of an aquifer or the expansion of a gas cap could be interpreted from the seismic attributes. Comparison of the initial hydrocarbon-fluid characteristics and the time-series analysis is the primary aid in determining the initial drive mechanism. Monitoring GOR can indicate whether gas-cap expansion or solution-gas drive, or both, are the functioning drive mechanism. Rapidly increasing GOR near the crest of the structure can indicate gas-cap expansion in a reservoir containing initial oil characteristics at or above the bubble-point pressure. A fairly uniform increase in GOR around the field can indicate a solution-gas-drive mechanism and uniform pressure depletion. A time series of the water:oil ratio that displays increases up structure over time can indicate a water-drive mechanism. Another key is whether the oil in the reservoir is undersaturated or saturated with solution gas. An undersaturated oil reservoir can produce substantial volumes of oil with a significant pressure drop before gas will come out of solution in the reservoir. This situation will be seen in a steadily producing GOR at a value near the initial-solution gas:oil ratio. In contrast, saturated oil begins to produce at elevated GOR's soon after production with only a minor pressure drop. |